Essay on Aristotle and Argument

Paper on Aristotle and Argument Paper on Aristotle and Argument Khrystyna Dotsenko Philo 2101 Spring 2015 The Fifth Argument The Fifth Argument, introduced by St. Thomas Aquinas, is an intriguing method of giving the proof of God. This contention is regularly called teleological contention or contention from plan. Basic to his contention was that the world is brimming with non - canny material things which produce advantageous request. The creator expressed that for these non - clever things to deliver valuable request, they require a wise being to realize this activity. This being is God. At a first sight all the evidences of Aquinas pretty much all the regular world was made by a tremendously canny psyche appear to be very indicting. Be that as it may, his contentions are brimming with sensible escape clauses and irregularities. As I would like to think, Aquinas' Fifth contention is intelligently bogus, at the end of the day it isn't sound contention. As a matter of first importance, the creator expresses that everything exists and works as a result of the desire of a higher knowledge in his fifth react ion. This happens to things without insight since they act consistently, or almost consistently, similarly, in order to acquire the best outcome. Henceforth it is plain that not by some coincidence, yet by aim, do they accomplish their end. From this reason we can presume that the request originates from smart being. Since the savant lived before the logical techniques were found and the physical laws were established, it could be a result of his occasions. These days, we as a whole realize that the downpour tumbles down from the sky, they need knowledge and need direction to have a reason all alone thus they are a piece of the common procedure of the universe current science has demonstrated. Moreover, as indicated by Darvin, there is another hypothesis about who made individuals, it was a long procedure of change of people from the monkeys. Second of all, we as a whole realize that the universe is mind boggling animal, yet it doesn't really imply that the universe required a maker or creator. Contrasting the universe with man-made articles, for example, a watch is submitting a legitimate false notion (mistake of thinking). The universe work uniquely in contrast to the way man - caused articles to work for instance people made landmarks, however then how the sun appeared? Therefore I can say that, if complex landmarks were made by people, who made the sun which is greater in size and progressively glorious in its capacity? The sun is in this manner part of the characteristic procedure that cutting edge science has given proof

Death of a Salesman1 essays

Passing of a Salesman1 papers Do we have the capacity to control our predetermination? Truly this, one can set their objectives and attempt to accomplish them and one can dreams their fantasies and attempt to live them yet the distinction must be known. The character Willy Loman, in the play Death of A Salesman, is by all accounts an individual who doesn't know about the distinction in actuality and dreams. Willys decisions for a mind-blowing duration evidently lead to his own end. Willy Loman is an unfortunate saint. His dread is that he needs to be seen as a decent, better than average individual. He needs to accept that hes a popular, not too bad individual who doesnt commit errors. Truly he commits errors, numerous that frequent him, and that he is human. Willy doesn't think about this ordinary and seriously laments such disappointments, for example, bringing up his kids inadequately, through his eyes, not doing great in business, however he wants to be, and undermining his better half Linda, demonstrating her to be a ware of which he exploits. Linda has a valid, unadulterated love for her significant other. Linda remains behind him through everything, through his fantasies and broken guarantees, she despite everything has faith in him. The quality in such plays that shakes us... gets from the fundamental dread of being dislodged, the catastrophe intrinsic in being torn away from our picked picture of what and who we are on the planet (Miller, Tragedy...). Willys fundamental dread of being uprooted is the genuine disaster. He needs to do things right, yet the truth of the matter is he has numerous frequencies that frequent him. Reliably all through the play, Willy floats all through a fantasy. He is continually spooky by recollections of his dead sibling Ben who became quite wealthy the wilderness. He likewise has flashbacks of episodes that frequent him in different territories. For instance, the grouping where Biff gets Willy with a lady other than Linda. This frequents Willy on the grounds that he considers it to be a piece of why Biff doesn't cherish him. Catastrophe at that point is the outcome of a keeps an eye on all out compulsi... <!

Housing And Homelessness Suggested Essay Titles Essay

Housing And Homelessness Suggested Essay Titles Essay Housing And Homelessness Suggested Essay Titles â€" Essay Example > The role of Rough Sleepers Initiatives and Rough Sleepers UnitHomelessness is a sociological problem that manifests itself in various ways at different times and in different societies.  Both context of place and individual circumstances influence people’s thinking about the situation and thus, the western countries may view it differently as compared to the developing countries. However, homelessness can generally refer to the condition in which a person lacks a fixed and night time residence; having a primary residence in a public or private institution that accommodates individuals intended to be institutionalized; or living in a public or private place designed to provide temporary living accommodations.  According to Romeeero Margolis (2005), western countries equate homelessness with sleeping rough, living out in the open, in structures like benders or tents due to unavoidable social circumstances, or as a result of an individual choice or caprice. The Rough Sleeper Ini tiative was developed to help in eradicating the rough sleeping. This paper will focus on the role of the Rough Sleepers Unit and then discuss the policy goals of the Rough Sleepers Initiative. In 1990, there was a growing population of visibly homeless individuals sleeping on the streets of England (Cloke, Milbourne Widdowfield 2002). The street homelessness became a major concern for the government and thus putting efforts aimed to tackle the problem. Rough sleeping was identified as one of the first social issues by the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) which was established in December 1997 to examine various specified issues which potentially cut across a number of government departments. The Rough Sleeping Initiative (RSI) was one of the programmes launched that sought to end the need for anyone sleeping rough. It brought together the key agencies in the local authorities, voluntary sector and government departments in providing accommodation, resettlement, outreach and other sup port services for individuals sleeping rough (Holmes 2006). According to Hombs (2011), the Rough Sleepers Unit was established in April 1999 in the Social Exclusion Unit to tackle the rough sleeping issues. It was led by Louise Casey and it aimed to reduce the number of individuals sleeping rough to as near as possible and by at least two third by 2002. With considerable allocation of resources by the government, the Rough Sleeping Unit launched their ‘coming in from the cold’ strategy with detailed plans which enabled it to meet this target. According to Balchin, Rhoden (2002), RSU had already met the target by December 2001. The RSU coordinates the various project funds by extending the philosophy of strategic, multiagency working to the homeless arena through a single budget.  However, there was a big challenge as to whether the resources to support the rough sleepers would continue in the long run or not. The need to work with the ‘hidden homeless’ was also highlighte d as another challenge. The government gave Rough Sleepers Unit a clear remit of focusing its resources and energies in offering help to the rough sleepers, particularly to those that the previous initiatives didn’t succeed in helping. The ‘coming in from the cold’ strategy by the Rough Sleepers Unit delivers a joined-up approach that builds on the excellent work that the government, local authorities and voluntary sector had begun, promoting a constructive partnership approach aimed to tackle rough sleeping and its causes, and developing focus efforts that give key organisations new tools of working (Hombs 2011). These enhance a better dealing with the problem of rough sleeping. With the strategy, the government believed that by 21st century, they were able to eliminate the street sleeping and of most valuable, to give them help and specialist support in providing them with a lasting solution (King IEA, 2006).

Police Shootings Across The Racial Lines Essay - 859 Words

Police Shootings Across the Racial Lines Sheila Capers Saint Leo University Authors Note: All questions and concerns on this paper can be addressed to Sheila Capers, Saint Leo University, Criminal Justice, Savannah, GA. Email: Sheila.capers@email.saintleo.edu. Abstract There was a time when one never heard about the police shooting a suspect. Now it seems as if every day there a new story on the news of police shootings and the ensuing chaos. In the middle of all of this there runs a question. Do the police tend to be quicker on the trigger when it is a black suspect they are chasing? What do the numbers and research say on the matter? Despite the regular reports in the news about police shootings in recent times, the overall picture does not show an excessive problem. In over 14 million arrests performed, only 3,600 people are shot each year, with only 1,000 being fatal.. This number seems to be huge, but when one considers that there are an estimated half a million police officers in the U.S. this number becomes rather insignificant by statistical standards. This does not eliminate the need to investigate such instances of the utilization of deadly force. It cannot be considered capital punishment. In essence the officer becomes judge, jury, and executioner. It takes away the suspects right to a fair trial by their peers. There is another similarity between police use of deadly force and capital punishment. There is a marked issueShow MoreRelatedRacial Bias By White Police Officers Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagesby white police officers towards minorities. Implicit bias, specifically racial bias, describes a psychological process in which a person’s unconscious racial belief (stereotypes) and attitudes (prejudices) affect his or her behaviors, perceptions, and judgments in ways that they are largely unaware of and typically, unable to control (Graham). 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The Underdogs Is The Most Important Novel Written By...

The underdogs is the most important novel written by Mariano Azuela which is deeply linked to the historical context of how the Mexican Revolution was established, especially in the northern states of Mexico. The Mexican Revolution it was intended to ensure a fairer way of life of the agricultural classes. However, it was harsh, brutal, and bloody complex conflict for the whole country, in which federalism and rebels have been fighting tirelessly for a cause they both believed to be flawless. Azuela follows the performance of a band of revolutionaries who radically transformed politics and Mexican society. Represents the uprising and difficulty of the revolution throughout his novel. Furthermore, describes the rise and fall of Demetrio Macias and his band of rebels who participated and uncovered the hard details effects at the height of the armed phase of the Mexican revolution in the early twentieth century. Demetrio Macias as the main character is a peaceful Indian which is considered a symbol of the Mexican peasants. He represents the rural masses, poverty and ignorance of the lower classes in the economic and social sense, for that reason they are called â€Å"the underdog†. Moreover, they fights towards democracy and equality of the few elite land owner, for which they had been unfairly suffered injustice and have been excluded from the gains benefits of Porfirio Diaz (president of Mexico at the time). â€Å"Demetrio in fact explaining to Cervantes that he become a

The Twilight Saga 3 Eclipse Chapter 21. TRAILS Free Essays

string(36) " her lips trembling at the corners\." I HATED TO WASTE ANY PART OF THE NIGHT IN SLEEP, but that was inevitable. The sun was bright outside the window-wall when I woke, with small clouds scuttling too quickly across the sky. The wind rocked the treetops till the whole forest looked as if it was going to shake apart. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 21. TRAILS or any similar topic only for you Order Now He left me alone to get dressed, and I appreciated the chance to think. Somehow, my plan for last night had gone horribly awry, and I needed come to grips with the consequences. Though I’d given back the hand- me-down ring as soon as I could do it without hurting his feelings, my left hand felt heavier, like it was still in place, just invisible. This shouldn’t bother me, I reasoned. It was no big thing – a road trip to Vegas. I would go one better than old jeans – I would wear old sweats. The ceremony certainly couldn’t take very long; no more than fifteen minutes at the most, right? So I could handle that. And then, when it was over, he’d have to fulfill his side of the bargain. I would concentrate on that, and forget the rest. He said I didn’t have to tell anyone, and I was planning to hold him to that. Of course, it was very stupid of me not to think of Alice. The Cullens got home around noon. There was a new, businesslike feel to the atmosphere around them, and it pulled me back into the enormity of what was coming. Alice seemed to be in an unusually bad mood. I chalked it up to her frustration with feeling normal, because her first words to Edward were a complaint about working with the wolves. â€Å"I think† – she made a face as she used the uncertain word – â€Å"that you’re going to want to pack for cold weather, Edward. I can’t see where you are exactly, because you’re taking off with that dog this afternoon. But the storm that’s coming seems particularly bad in that general area.† Edward nodded. â€Å"It’s going to snow on the mountains,† she warned him. â€Å"Ew, snow,† I muttered to myself. It was June, for crying out loud. â€Å"Wear a jacket,† Alice told me. Her voice was unfriendly, and that surprised me. I tried to read her face, but she turned away. I looked at Edward, and he was smiling; whatever was bugging Alice amused him. Edward had more than enough camping gear to choose from – props in the human charade; the Cullens were good customers at the Newton’s store. He grabbed a down sleeping bag, a small tent, and several packets of dehydrated food – grinning when I made a face at them – and stuffed them all in a backpack. Alice wandered into the garage while we were there, watching Edward’s preparations without a word. He ignored her. When he was done packing, Edward handed me his phone. â€Å"Why don’t you call Jacob and tell him we’ll be ready for him in an hour or so. He knows where to meet us.† Jacob wasn’t home, but Billy promised to call around until he could find an available werewolf to pass the news to. â€Å"Don’t you worry about Charlie, Bella,† Billy said. â€Å"I’ve got my part of this under control.† â€Å"Yeah, I know Charlie’ll be fine.† I didn’t feel so confident about his son’s safety, but I didn’t add that. â€Å"I wish I could be with the rest of them tomorrow.† Billy chuckled regretfully. â€Å"Being an old man is a hardship, Bella.† The urge to fight must be a defining characteristic of the Y chromosome. They were all the same. â€Å"Have fun with Charlie.† â€Å"Good luck, Bella,† he answered. â€Å"And . . . pass that along to the, er, Cullens for me.† â€Å"I will,† I promised, surprised by the gesture. As I gave the phone back to Edward, I saw that he and Alice were having some kind of silent discussion. She was staring at him, pleading in her eyes. He was frowning back, unhappy with whatever she wanted. â€Å"Billy said to tell you ‘good luck.'† â€Å"That was generous of him,† Edward said, breaking away from her. â€Å"Bella, could I please speak to you alone?† Alice asked swiftly. â€Å"You’re about to make my life harder than it needs to be, Alice,† Edward warned her through his teeth. â€Å"I’d really rather you didn’t.† â€Å"This isn’t about you, Edward,† she shot back. He laughed. Something about her response was funny to him. â€Å"It’s not,† Alice insisted. â€Å"This is a female thing.† He frowned. â€Å"Let her talk to me,† I told him. I was curious. â€Å"You asked for it,† he muttered. He laughed again – half angry, half amused – and strode out of the garage. I turned to Alice, worried now, but she didn’t look at me. Her bad mood hadn’t passed yet. She went to sit on the hood of her Porsche, her face dejected. I followed, and leaned against the bumper beside her. â€Å"Bella?† Alice asked in a sad voice, shifting over and curling up against my side. Her voice sounded so miserable that I wrapped my arms around her shoulders in comfort. â€Å"What’s wrong, Alice?† â€Å"Don’t you love me?† she asked in that same sad tone. â€Å"Of course I do. You know that.† â€Å"Then why do I see you sneaking off to Vegas to get married without inviting me?† â€Å"Oh,† I muttered, my cheeks turning pink. I could see that I had seriously hurt her feelings, and I hurried to defend myself. â€Å"You know how I hate to make a big deal out of things. It was Edward’s idea, anyway.† â€Å"I don’t care whose idea it was. How could you do this to me? I expect that kind of thing from Edward, but not from you. I love you like you were my own sister.† â€Å"To me, Alice, you are my sister.† â€Å"Words!† she growled. â€Å"Fine, you can come. There won’t be much to see.† She was still grimacing. â€Å"What?† I demanded. â€Å"How much do you love me, Bella?† â€Å"Why?† She stared at me with pleading eyes, her long black eyebrows slanting up in the middle and pulling together, her lips trembling at the corners. You read "The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 21. TRAILS" in category "Essay examples" It was a heart-breaking expression. â€Å"Please, please, please,† she whispered. â€Å"Please, Bella, please – if you really love me . . . Please let me do your wedding.† â€Å"Aw, Alice!† I groaned, pulling away and standing up. â€Å"No! Don’t do this to me.† â€Å"If you really, truly love me, Bella.† I folded my arms across my chest. â€Å"That is so unfair. And Edward kind of already used that one on me.† â€Å"I’ll bet Edward would like it better if you did this traditionally, though he’d never tell you that. And Esme – think what it would mean to her!† I groaned. â€Å"I’d rather face the newborns alone.† â€Å"I’ll owe you for a decade.† â€Å"You’d owe me for a century!† Her eyes glowed. â€Å"Is that a yes?† â€Å"No! I don’t want to do this!† â€Å"You won’t have to do anything but walk a few yards and then repeat after the minister.† â€Å"Ugh! Ugh, ugh!† â€Å"Please?† She started bouncing in place. â€Å"Please, please, please, please, please?† â€Å"I’ll never, never ever forgive you for this, Alice.† â€Å"Yay!† she squealed, clapping her hands together. â€Å"That’s not a yes!† â€Å"But it will be,† she sang. â€Å"Edward!† I yelled, stalking out of the garage. â€Å"I know you’re listening. Get over here.† Alice was right behind me, still clapping. â€Å"Thanks so much, Alice,† Edward said acidly, coming from behind me. I turned to let him have it, but his expression was so worried and upset that I couldn’t speak my complaints. I threw my arms around him instead, hiding my face, just in case the angry moisture in my eyes made it look like I was crying. â€Å"Vegas,† Edward promised in my ear. â€Å"Not a chance,† Alice gloated. â€Å"Bella would never do that to me. You know, Edward, as a brother, you are sometimes a disappointment.† â€Å"Don’t be mean,† I grumbled at her. â€Å"He’s trying to make me happy, unlike you.† â€Å"I’m trying to make you happy, too, Bella. It’s just that I know better what will make you happy . . . in the long run. You’ll thank me for this. Maybe not for fifty years, but definitely someday.† â€Å"I never thought I’d see the day where I’d be willing to take a bet against you, Alice, but it has arrived.† She laughed her silvery laugh. â€Å"So, are you going to show me the ring?† I grimaced in horror as she grabbed my left hand and then dropped it just as quickly. â€Å"Huh. I saw him put it on you. . . . Did I miss something?† she asked. She concentrated for half a second, furrowing her brow, before she answered her own questions. â€Å"No. Wedding’s still on.† â€Å"Bella has issues with jewelry,† Edward explained. â€Å"What’s one more diamond? Well, I guess the ring has lots of diamonds, but my point is that he’s already got one on -â€Å" â€Å"Enough, Alice!† Edward cut her off suddenly. The way he glared at her . . . he looked like a vampire again. â€Å"We’re in a hurry.† â€Å"I don’t understand. What’s that about diamonds?† I asked. â€Å"We’ll talk about it later,† Alice said. â€Å"Edward is right – you’d better get going. You’ve got to set a trap and make camp before the storm comes.† She frowned, and her expression was anxious, almost nervous. â€Å"Don’t forget your coat, Bella. It seems . . . unseasonably cold.† â€Å"I’ve already got it,† Edward assured her. â€Å"Have a nice night,† she told us in farewell. It was twice as far to the clearing as usual; Edward took a long detour, making sure my scent would be nowhere near the trail Jacob would hide later. He carried me in his arms, the bulky backpack in my usual spot. He stopped at the farthest end of the clearing and set me on my feet. â€Å"All right. Just walk north for a ways, touching as much as you can. Alice gave me a clear picture of their path, and it won’t take long for us to intersect it.† â€Å"North?† He smiled and pointed out the right direction. I wandered into the woods, leaving the clear yellow light of the strangely sunny day in the clearing behind me. Maybe Alice’s blurred sight would be wrong about the snow. I hoped so. The sky was mostly clear, though the wind whipped furiously through the open spaces. In the trees it was calmer, but much too cold for June – even in a long-sleeved shirt with a thick sweater over the top, there were goose bumps on my arms. I walked slowly, trailingmy fingers over anything close enough: the rough tree bark, the wet ferns, the moss- covered rocks. Edward stayed with me, walking a parallel line about twenty yards away. â€Å"Am I doing this right?† I called. â€Å"Perfectly.† I had an idea. â€Å"Will this help?† I asked as I ran my fingers through my hair and caught a few loose strands. I draped them over the ferns. â€Å"Yes, that does make the trail stronger. But you don’t need to pull your hair out, Bella. It will be fine.† â€Å"I’ve got a few extras I can spare.† It was gloomy under the trees, and I wished I could walk closer to Edward and hold his hand. I wedged another hair into a broken branch that cut through my path. â€Å"You don’t need to let Alice have her way, you know,† Edward said. â€Å"Don’t worry about it, Edward. I’m not going to leave you at the altar, regardless.† I had a sinking feeling that Alice was going to get her way, mostly because she was totally unscrupulous when there was something she wanted, and also because I was a sucker for guilt trips. â€Å"That’s not what I’m worried about. I want this to be what you want it to be.† I repressed a sigh. It would hurt his feelings if I told the truth – that it didn’t really matter, because it was all just varying degrees of awful anyway. â€Å"Well, even if she does get her way, we can keep it small. Just us. Emmett can get a clerical license off the Internet.† I giggled. â€Å"That does sound better.† It wouldn’t feel very official if Emmett read the vows, which was a plus. But I’d have a hard time keeping a straight face. â€Å"See,† he said with a smile. â€Å"There’s always a compromise.† It took a while for me to reach the spot where the newborn army would be certain to cross my trail, but Edward never got impatient with my pace. He had to lead a bit more on the way back, to keep me on the same path. It all looked alike to me. We were almost to the clearing when I fell. I could see the wide opening ahead, and that’s probably why I got too eager and forgot to watch my feet. I caught myself before my head bashed into the nearest tree, but a small branch snapped off under my left hand and gouged into my palm. â€Å"Ouch! Oh, fabulous,† I muttered. â€Å"Are you all right?† â€Å"I’m fine. Stay where you are. I’m bleeding. It will stop in a minute.† He ignored me. He was right there before I could finish. â€Å"I’ve got a first aid kit,† he said, pulling off the backpack. â€Å"I had a feeling I might need it.† â€Å"It’s not bad. I can take care of it – you don’t have to make yourself uncomfortable.† â€Å"I’m not uncomfortable,† he said calmly. â€Å"Here – let me clean it.† â€Å"Wait a second, I just got another idea.† Without looking at the blood and breathing through my mouth, just in case my stomach might react, I pressed my hand against a rock within my reach. â€Å"What are you doing?† â€Å"Jasper will love this,† I muttered to myself. I started for the clearing again, pressing my palm against everything in my path. â€Å"I’ll bet this really gets them going.† Edward sighed. â€Å"Hold your breath,† I told him. â€Å"I’m fine. I just think you’re going overboard.† â€Å"This is all I get to do. I want to do a good job.† We broke through the last of the trees as I spoke. I let my injured hand graze across the ferns. â€Å"Well, you have,† Edward assured me. â€Å"The newborns will be frantic, and Jasper will be very impressed with your dedication. Now let me treat your hand – you’ve gotten the cut dirty.† â€Å"Let me do it, please.† He took my hand and smiled as he examined it. â€Å"This doesn’t bother me anymore.† I watched him carefully as he cleaned the gash, looking for some sign of distress. He continued to breathe evenly in and out, the same small smile on his lips. â€Å"Why not?† I finally asked as he smoothed a bandage across my palm. He shrugged. â€Å"I got over it.† â€Å"You . . . got over it? When? How?† I tried to remember the last time he’d held his breath around me. All I could think of was my wretched birthday party last September. Edward pursed his lips, seeming to search for the words. â€Å"I lived through an entire twenty-four hours thinking that you were dead, Bella. That changed the way I look at a lot of things.† â€Å"Did it change the way I smell to you?† â€Å"Not at all. But . . . having experienced the way it feels to think I’ve lost you . . . my reactions have changed. My entire being shies away from any course that could inspire that kind of pain again.† I didn’t know what to say to that. He smiled at my expression. â€Å"I guess that you could call it a very educational experience.† The wind tore through the clearing then, lashing my hair around my face and making me shiver. â€Å"All right,† he said, reaching into his pack again. â€Å"You’ve done your part.† He pulled out my heavy winter jacket and held it out for me to slide my arms in. â€Å"Now it’s out of our hands. Let’s go camping!† I laughed at the mock enthusiasm in his voice. He took my bandaged hand – the other was in worse shape, still in the brace – and started toward the other side of the clearing. â€Å"Where are we meeting Jacob?† I asked. â€Å"Right here.† He gestured to the trees in front of us just as Jacob stepped warily from their shadows. It shouldn’t have surprised me to see him human. I wasn’t sure why I’d been looking for the big red- brown wolf. Jacob seemed bigger again – no doubt a product of my expectations; I must have unconsciously been hoping to see the smaller Jacob from my memory, the easygoing friend who hadn’t made everything so difficult. He had his arms folded across his bare chest, a jacket clutched in one fist. His face was expressionless as he watched us. Edward’s lips pulled down at the corners. â€Å"There had to have been a better way to do this.† â€Å"Too late now,† I muttered glumly. He sighed. â€Å"Hey, Jake,† I greeted him when we got closer. â€Å"Hi, Bella.† â€Å"Hello, Jacob,† Edward said. Jacob ignored the pleasantry, all business. â€Å"Where do I take her?† Edward pulled a map from a side pocket on the pack and offered it to him. Jacob unfolded it. â€Å"We’re here now,† Edward said, reaching over to touch the right spot. Jacob recoiled from his hand automatically, and then steadied himself. Edward pretended not to notice. â€Å"And you’re taking her up here,† Edward continued, tracing a serpentine pattern around the elevation lines on the paper. â€Å"Roughly nine miles.† Jacob nodded once. â€Å"When you’re about a mile away, you should cross my path. That will lead you in. Do you need the map?† â€Å"No, thanks. I know this area pretty well. I think I know where I’m going.† Jacob seemed to have to work harder than Edward to keep the tone polite. â€Å"I’ll take a longer route,† Edward said. â€Å"And I’ll see you in a few hours.† Edward stared at me unhappily. He didn’t like this part of the plan. â€Å"See you,† I murmured. Edward faded into the trees, heading in the opposite direction. As soon as he was gone, Jacob turned cheerful. â€Å"What’s up, Bella?† he asked with a big grin. I rolled my eyes. â€Å"Same old, same old.† â€Å"Yeah,† he agreed. â€Å"Bunch of vampires trying to kill you. The usual.† â€Å"The usual.† â€Å"Well,† he said as he shrugged into his jacket to free his arms. â€Å"Let’s get going.† Making a face, I took a small step closer to him. He bent down and swept his arm behind my knees, knocking them out from under me. His other arm caught me before my head hit the ground. â€Å"Jerk,† I muttered. Jacob chuckled, already running through the trees. He kept a steady pace, a brisk jog that a fit human could keep up with . . . across a level plane . . . if they weren’t burdened with a hundred-plus pounds as he was. â€Å"You don’t have to run. You’ll get tired.† â€Å"Running doesn’t make me tired,† he said. His breathing was even – like the fixed tempo of a marathoner. â€Å"Besides, it will be colder soon. I hope he gets the camp set up before we get there.† I tapped my finger against the thick padding of his parka. â€Å"I thought you didn’t get cold now.† â€Å"I don’t. I brought this for you, just in case you weren’t prepared.† He looked at my jacket, almost as if he were disappointed that I was. â€Å"I don’t like the way the weather feels. It’s making me edgy. Notice how we haven’t seen any animals?† â€Å"Um, not really.† â€Å"I guess you wouldn’t. Your senses are too dull.† I let that pass. â€Å"Alice was worried about the storm, too.† â€Å"It takes a lot to silence the forest this way. You picked a hell of a night for a camping trip.† â€Å"It wasn’t entirely my idea.† The pathless way he took began to climb more and more steeply, but it didn’t slow him down. He leapt easily from rock to rock, not seeming to need his hands at all. His perfect balance reminded me of a mountain goat. â€Å"What’s with the addition to your bracelet?† he asked. I looked down, and realized that the crystal heart was facing up on my wrist. I shrugged guiltily. â€Å"Another graduation present.† He snorted. â€Å"A rock. Figures.† A rock? I was suddenly reminded of Alice’s unfinished sentence outside the garage. I stared at the bright white crystal and tried to remember what Alice had been saying before . . . about diamonds. Could she have been trying to say he’s already got one on you? As in, I was already wearing one diamond from Edward? No, that was impossible. The heart would have to be five carats or something crazy like that! Edward wouldn’t – â€Å"So it’s been a while since you came down to La Push,† Jacob said, interrupting my disturbing conjectures. â€Å"I’ve been busy,† I told him. â€Å"And . . . I probably wouldn’t have visited, anyway.† He grimaced. â€Å"I thought you were supposed to be the forgiving one, and I was the grudge-holder.† I shrugged. â€Å"Been thinking about that last time a lot, have you?† â€Å"Nope.† He laughed. â€Å"Either you’re lying, or you are the stubbornest person alive.† â€Å"I don’t know about the second part, but I’m not lying.† I didn’t like having this conversation under the present conditions – with his too-warm arms wrapped tightly around me and nothing at all I could do about it. His face was closer than I wanted it to be. I wished I could take a step back. â€Å"A smart person looks at all sides of a decision.† â€Å"I have,† I retorted. â€Å"If you haven’t thought at all about our . . . er, conversation the last time you came over, then that’s not true.† â€Å"That conversation isn’t relevant to my decision.† â€Å"Some people will go to any lengths to delude themselves.† â€Å"I’ve noticed that werewolves in particular are prone to that mistake – do you think it’s a genetic thing?† â€Å"Does that mean that he’s a better kisser that I am?† Jacob asked, suddenly glum. â€Å"I really couldn’t say, Jake. Edward is the only person I’ve ever kissed.† â€Å"Besides me.† â€Å"But I don’t count that as a kiss, Jacob. I think of it more as an assault.† â€Å"Ouch! That’s cold.† I shrugged. I wasn’t going to take it back. â€Å"I did apologize about that,† he reminded me. â€Å"And I forgave you . . . mostly. It doesn’t change the way I remember it.† He muttered something unintelligible. It was quiet then for a while; there was just the sound of his measured breathing and the wind roaring high above us in the treetops. A cliff face rose sheer beside us, bare, rough gray stone. We followed the base as it curved upward out of the forest. â€Å"I still think it’s pretty irresponsible,† Jacob suddenly said. â€Å"Whatever you’re talking about, you’re wrong.† â€Å"Think about it, Bella. According to you, you’ve kissed just one person – who isn’t even really a person – in your whole life, and you’re calling it quits? How do you know that’s what you want? Shouldn’t you play the field a little?† I kept my voice cool. â€Å"I know exactly what I want.† â€Å"Then it couldn’t hurt to double check. Maybe you should try kissing someone else – just for comparison’s sake . . . since what happened the other day doesn’t count. You could kiss me, for example. I don’t mind if you want to use me to experiment.† He pulled me tighter against his chest, so that my face was closer to his. He was smiling at his joke, but I wasn’t taking any chances. â€Å"Don’t mess with me, Jake. I swear I won’t stop him if he wants to break your jaw.† The panicky edge to my voice made him smile wider. â€Å"If you ask me to kiss you, he won’t have any reason to get upset. He said that was fine.† â€Å"Don’t hold your breath, Jake – no, wait, I changed my mind. Go right ahead. Just hold your breath until I ask you to kiss me.† â€Å"You’re in a bad mood today.† â€Å"I wonder why?† â€Å"Sometimes I think you like me better as a wolf.† â€Å"Sometimes I do. It probably has something to do with the way you can’t talk.† He pursed his broad lips thoughtfully. â€Å"No, I don’t think that’s it. I think it’s easier for you to be near me when I’m not human, because you don’t have to pretend that you’re not attracted to me.† My mouth fell open with a little popping sound. I snapped it shut at once, grinding my teeth together. He heard that. His lips pulled tightly across his face in a triumphant smile. I took a slow breath before I spoke. â€Å"No. I’m pretty sure it’s because you can’t talk.† He sighed. â€Å"Do you ever get tired of lying to yourself? You have to know how aware you are of me. Physically, I mean.† â€Å"How could anyone not be aware of you physically, Jacob?† I demanded. â€Å"You’re an enormous monster who refuses to respect anyone else’s personal space.† â€Å"I make you nervous. But only when I’m human. When I’m a wolf, you’re more comfortable around me.† â€Å"Nervousness and irritation are not the same thing.† He stared at me for a minute, slowing to a walk, the amusement draining from his face. His eyes narrowed, turned black in the shadow of his brows. His breathing, so regular as he ran, started to accelerate. Slowly, he leaned his face closer to mine. I stared him down, knowing exactly what he was trying to do. â€Å"It’s your face,† I reminded him. He laughed loudly and started jogging again. â€Å"I don’t really want to fight with your vampire tonight – I mean, any other night, sure. But we both have a job to do tomorrow, and I wouldn’t want to leave the Cullens one short.† The sudden, unexpected swell of shame distorted my expression. â€Å"I know, I know,† he responded, not understanding. â€Å"You think he could take me.† I couldn’t speak. I was leaving them one short. What if someone got hurt because I was so weak? But what if I was brave and Edward . . . I couldn’t even think it. â€Å"What’s the matter with you, Bella?† The joking bravado vanished from his face, revealing my Jacob underneath, like pulling a mask away. â€Å"If something I said upset you, you know I was only kidding. I didn’t mean anything – hey, are you okay? Don’t cry, Bella,† he pled. I tried to pull myself together. â€Å"I’m not going to cry.† â€Å"What did I say?† â€Å"It’s nothing you said. It’s just, well, it’s me. I did something . . . bad.† He stared at me, his eyes wide with confusion. â€Å"Edward isn’t going to fight tomorrow,† I whispered the explanation. â€Å"I’m making him stay with me. I am a huge coward.† He frowned. â€Å"You think this isn’t going to work? That they’ll find you here? Do you know something I don’t know?† â€Å"No, no. I’m not afraid of that. I just . . . I can’t let him go. If he didn’t come back . . .† I shuddered, closing my eyes to escape the thought. Jacob was quiet. I kept whispering, my eyes shut. â€Å"If anyone gets hurt, it will always be my fault. And even if no one does . . . I was horrible. I had to be, to convince him to stay with me. He won’t hold it against me, but I’ll always know what I’m capable of.† I felt just a tiny bit better, getting this off my chest. Even if I could only confess it to Jacob. He snorted. My eyes opened slowly, and I was sad to see that the hard mask was back. â€Å"I can’t believe he let you talk him out of going. I wouldn’t miss this for anything.† I sighed. â€Å"I know.† â€Å"That doesn’t mean anything, though.† He was suddenly backtracking. â€Å"That doesn’t mean that he loves you more than I do.† â€Å"But you wouldn’t stay with me, even if I begged.† He pursed his lips for a moment, and I wondered if he would try to deny it. We both knew the truth. â€Å"That’s only because I know you better,† he said at last. â€Å"Everything’s going to go without a hitch. Even if you’d asked and I’d said no, you wouldn’t be mad at me afterwards.† â€Å"If everything does go without a hitch, you’re probably right. I wouldn’t be mad. But the whole time you’re gone, I’ll be sick with worry, Jake. Crazy with it.† â€Å"Why?† he asked gruffly. â€Å"Why does it matter to you if something happens to me?† â€Å"Don’t say that. You know how much you mean to me. I’m sorry it’s not in the way you want, but that’s just how it is. You’re my best friend. At least, you used to be. And still sometimes are . . . when you let your guard down.† He smiled the old smile that I loved. â€Å"I’m always that,† he promised. â€Å"Even when I don’t . . . behave as well as I should. Underneath, I’m always in here.† â€Å"I know. Why else would I put up with all of your crap?† He laughed with me, and then his eyes were sad. â€Å"When are you finally going to figure out that you’re in love with me, too?† â€Å"Leave it to you to ruin the moment.† â€Å"I’m not saying you don’t love him. I’m not stupid. But it’s possible to love more than one person at a time, Bella. I’ve seen it in action.† â€Å"I’m not some freaky werewolf, Jacob.† He wrinkled his nose, and I was about to apologize for that last jab, but he changed the subject. â€Å"We’re not far now, I can smell him.† I sighed in relief. He misinterpreted my meaning. â€Å"I’d happily slow down, Bella, but you’re going to want to be under shelter before that hits.† We both looked up at the sky. A solid wall of purple-black cloud was racing in from the west, blackening the forest beneath it as it came. â€Å"Wow,† I muttered. â€Å"You’d better hurry, Jake. You’ll want to get home before it gets here.† â€Å"I’m not going home.† I glared at him, exasperated. â€Å"You’re not camping with us.† â€Å"Not technically – as in, sharing your tent or anything. I prefer the storm to the smell. But I’m sure your bloodsucker will want to keep in touch with the pack for coordination purposes, and so I will graciously provide that service.† â€Å"I thought that was Seth’s job.† â€Å"He’ll take over tomorrow, during the fight.† The reminder silenced me for a second. I stared at him, worry springing up again with sudden fierceness. â€Å"I don’t suppose there’s any way you’d just stay since you’re already here?† I suggested. â€Å"If I did beg? Or trade back the lifetime of servitude or something?† â€Å"Tempting, but no. Then again, the begging might be interesting to see. You can give it a go if you like.† â€Å"There’s really nothing, nothing at all I can say?† â€Å"Nope. Not unless you can promise me a better fight. Anyway, Sam’s calling the shots, not me.† That reminded me. â€Å"Edward told me something the other day . . . about you.† He bristled. â€Å"It’s probably a lie.† â€Å"Oh, really? You aren’t second in command of the pack, then?† He blinked, his face going blank with surprise. â€Å"Oh. That.† â€Å"How come you never told me that?† â€Å"Why would I? It’s no big thing.† â€Å"I don’t know. Why not? It’s interesting. So, how does that work? How did Sam end up as the Alpha, and you as the . . . the Beta?† Jacob chuckled at my invented term. â€Å"Sam was the first, the oldest. It made sense for him to take charge.† I frowned. â€Å"But shouldn’t Jared or Paul be second, then? They were the next to change.† â€Å"Well . . . it’s hard to explain,† Jacob said evasively. â€Å"Try.† He sighed. â€Å"It’s more about the lineage, you know? Sort of old-fashioned. Why should it matter who your grandpa was, right?† I remembered something Jacob had told me a long time ago, before either of us had known anything about werewolves. â€Å"Didn’t you say that Ephraim Black was the last chief the Quileutes had?† â€Å"Yeah, that’s right. Because he was the Alpha. Did you know that, technically, Sam’s the chief of the whole tribe now?† He laughed. â€Å"Crazy traditions.† I thought about that for a second, trying to make all the pieces fit. â€Å"But you also said that people listened to your dad more than anyone else on the council, because he was Ephraim’s grandson?† â€Å"What about it?† â€Å"Well, if it’s about the lineage . . . shouldn’t you be the chief, then?† Jacob didn’t answer me. He stared into the darkening forest, as if he suddenly needed to concentrate on where he was going. â€Å"Jake?† â€Å"No. That’s Sam’s job.† He kept his eyes on our pathless course. â€Å"Why? His great-granddad was Levi Uley, right? Was Levi an Alpha, too?† â€Å"There’s only one Alpha,† he answered automatically. â€Å"So what was Levi?† â€Å"Sort of a Beta, I guess.† He snorted at my term. â€Å"Like me.† â€Å"That doesn’t make sense.† â€Å"It doesn’t matter.† â€Å"I just want to understand.† Jacob finally met my confused gaze, and then sighed. â€Å"Yeah. I was supposed to be the Alpha.† My eyebrows pulled together. â€Å"Sam didn’t want to step down?† â€Å"Hardly. I didn’t want to step up.† â€Å"Why not?† He frowned, uncomfortable with my questions. Well, it was his turn to feel uncomfortable. â€Å"I didn’t want any of it, Bella. I didn’t want anything to change. I didn’t want to be some legendary chief. I didn’t want to be part of a pack of werewolves, let alone their leader. I wouldn’t take it when Sam offered.† I thought about this for a long moment. Jacob didn’t interrupt. He stared into the forest again. â€Å"But I thought you were happier. That you were okay with this,† I finally whispered. Jacob smiled down at me reassuringly. â€Å"Yeah. It’s really not so bad. Exciting sometimes, like with this thing tomorrow. But at first it sort of felt like being drafted into a war you didn’t know existed. There was no choice, you know? And it was so final.† He shrugged. â€Å"Anyway, I guess I’m glad now. It has to be done, and could I trust someone else to get it right? It’s better to make sure myself.† I stared at him, feeling an unexpected kind of awe for my friend. He was more of a grown-up than I’d ever given him credit for. Like with Billy the other night at the bonfire, there was a majesty here that I’d never suspected. â€Å"Chief Jacob,† I whispered, smiling at the way the words sounded together. He rolled his eyes. Just then, the wind shook more fiercely through the trees around us, and it felt like it was blowing straight off a glacier. The sharp sound of wood cracking echoed off the mountain. Though the light was vanishing as the grisly cloud covered the sky, I could still see the little white specks that fluttered past us. Jacob stepped up the pace, keeping his eyes on the ground now as he flat out sprinted. I curled more willingly against his chest, recoiling from the unwelcome snow. It was only minutes later that he dashed around to the lee side of the stony peak and we could see the little tent nestled up against the sheltering face. More flurries were falling around us, but the wind was too fierce to let them settle anywhere. â€Å"Bella!† Edward called out in acute relief. We’d caught him in the middle of pacing back and forth across the little open space. He flashed to my side, sort of blurring as he moved so swiftly. Jacob cringed, and then set me on my feet. Edward ignored his reaction and caught me in a tight hug. â€Å"Thank you,† Edward said over my head. His tone was unmistakably sincere. â€Å"That was quicker than I expected, and I truly appreciate it.† I twisted to see Jacob’s response. Jacob merely shrugged, all the friendliness wiped clean from his face. â€Å"Get her inside. This is going to be bad – my hair’s standing up on my scalp. Is that tent secure?† â€Å"I all but welded it to the rock.† â€Å"Good.† Jacob looked up at the sky – now black with the storm, sprinkled with the swirling bits of snow. His nostrils flared. â€Å"I’m going to change,† he said. â€Å"I want to know what’s going on back home.† He hung his jacket on a low, stubby branch, and walked into the murky forest without a backward glance. How to cite The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 21. TRAILS, Essay examples

Several Beautiful Sights in North Sumatra Essay Example For Students

Several Beautiful Sights in North Sumatra Essay I believe that every country has its own unique and beautiful sights for people to visit. For example, in my country, Indonesia has many popular destinations for visitors. For decades, tourism in my country has become an important sector in foreign exchange earner. A lot of significant progresses have been made to meet the demand in tourism sector. One of the most popular areas that provide visitors with the beautiful sights is North Sumatra. North Sumatra is one of the biggest provinces at Indonesia with many attractive and cultural spots for visitors. The first example is Medan, the place where I used to spend my childhood, is the capital city of North Sumatra. With its trading centers and important harbor, Medan also has developed into a metropolitan city with large populations. One of the most historical places is Mesjid Agung Grand mosque. It used to be a place of worship owned by the inheritance of Sultanate of Deli. Founded in 1960 by Sultan Maimun, this mosque has become the biggest and the most beautiful mosque at North Sumatra. Two hundreds meters from Grand mosque, there is Maimun palace which can be said as the combination of Islamic tradition and European culture. The architect of this Palace was an Italian and completed in 1888. Furthermore, this palace was used by Sultan Deli for coronation, custom ceremonies, ancient weapons, family pictures and furniture storages. Another example is Lake Toba. Lake Toba is the biggest lake in all of Southeast Asia. With the altitude of 800 meters, 100 kilometers length and 30 kilometers width, Lake Toba is a popular tourist resort. The lake is situated in the caldera of the huge Toba volcano which erupted 75,000 years ago. Prapat is the main town on Lake Toba which is mostly spoiled by tourism. Recreational activities such as swimming, motor boating, water skiing, cycling, canoeing and fishing are popular activities around that area. Either the Batak Toba or Batak Simalungun people live in that region. The climate there is cool and dry. Therefore, this location is a perfect place to relax. Batik clothes are also well known souvenirs in this place. Prapat can be reached in 4 hours by bus from Medan. North side of Lake Toba located Tongging. Tongging is a place to see a waterfall surrounded by calm beautiful sights. The 360 feet si piso-piso waterfall is visible from a gazebo from the top of the hill. If you want to look closely to the waterfall, you can go down to the hill by a path steps, stairs and ladder leads down. It almost takes half an hour to reach the bottom of the waterfall. However, near the bottom of the waterfall, it is slippery and very wet, so you must be very careful. Yet the blue water looks pure and swift. With so many places of interests in North Sumatra such as Medan, Lake Toba, si piso-piso waterfall and many more, Im sure that these can be the beautiful places where the tourists can enjoy the force of nature that bring a powerful effects. Indeed, maybe everyone should pick Indonesia as an enjoyable trip to visit.

Beginning a Sentence with And or But

Beginning a Sentence with And or But Beginning a Sentence with And or But Beginning a Sentence with And or But By Maeve Maddox Several opinions about what is permissible in writing have acquired an almost religious authority with some English speakers. One of these opinions is that beginning a sentence with the coordinating conjunctions and and but is an unpardonable breach of usage. Here are some typical reader attitudes: I almost fainted when I read [a post] about the acceptability of beginning sentences with â€Å"and† or â€Å"but†. [How can anyone] justify the use of conjunctions to begin a sentence? It simply drives me crazy! Writers of English have been beginning sentences with and as long as English has been written. The Venerable Bede (672-735) did it. King Alfred (849-899) did it. You’ll also find examples in Swift (1667-1745), Johnson (1709-1784), Austen (1775-1817), Dickens (1812-1870), Orwell (1903-1950), and Roth (1933-). According to The Chicago Manual of Style, the belief that beginning a sentence with and, but, or so is an error â€Å"has no historical or grammatical foundation.† Not only that, but â€Å"a substantial percentage (often as many as 10 percent) of the sentences in first-rate writing begin with conjunctions. It has been so for centuries, and even the most conservative grammarians have followed this practice† (CMOS 5.206). Authors capable of â€Å"first-rate writing† are one matter. Teachers, on the other hand (and editors working with grammatically challenged adults) are wise to advise against it. Writing is a craft. Every craft demands that beginners learn in stages. A rule against beginning a sentence with a conjunction has pedagogical usefulness. Beginning writers benefit from being guided. They don’t need to have all the rules and exceptions dumped on them at the outset. My London headmistress forbade the use of semicolons. She said that semicolons could wait until students mastered the use of commas and periods. Her rule was intended to be transitional. Beginning writers overuse the conjunction and. Giving inexperienced writers permission to begin sentences with and is asking for trouble. Here, for example, is an excerpt from the writing of nine-year-old Daisy Ashford: Mr Salteena had dark short hair and mustache and whiskers which were very black and twisty. He was middle sized and he had very pale blue eyes With this style of writing, a rule against beginning a sentence with and can only be a blessing. In my teaching days, I forbade students to begin a sentence with because, not because I didn’t know about complex sentences, but because inexperienced writers tend to begin sentences with because and never get to a main clause. A practice that exacerbates this tendency in high school students is accepting sentence fragments as answers to essay questions on tests. For example: Question: Why did Silas put Eppie in the coal hole? Answer: Because she kept wandering away. Teachers of every subject could contribute to a higher standard of student writing by requiring students to rephrase the question in the answer: Question: Why did Silas put Eppie in the coal hole? Answer: Silas put Eppie in the coal hole because she kept wandering away. When students have learned to distinguish between a main clause and a dependent clause, they can progress to the use of because to introduce a subordinate clause. When they have learned to control their use of coordinating conjunctions, they can use them at the beginning of a sentence from time to time. Here are two examples from the work of writers known for â€Å"first-rate writing†: Besides, another purpose of the enlarged armywas to minimize the ever-present possibility of sedition. And with this purpose once again in mind, [Septimus Severus] took a number of steps to make the officers of the legions a privileged class and tie them firmly to his own person. –Michael Grant, History of Rome. If he charged, I could shoot; if he took no notice of me, it would be safe to leave him until the mahout came back. But also I knew that I was going to do no such thing. –George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant Like any stylistic device, beginning a sentence with and or but may be overused or used incorrectly. A common fault with but is to use it where and is required. But is an â€Å"adversative conjunction.† It introduces a contrast. Some writers tend to begin a sentence with but when and is the appropriate choice. Here’s a revision suggestion from The Chicago Manual of Style: Evaluate the contrasting force of the but in question, and see whether the needed word is really and; if and can be substituted, then but is almost certainly the wrong word. Bottom line: Beginning a sentence with and or but is a common stylistic device used in English by the best writers of every century. Writers who dislike the device are free to avoid it. Forbidding it to inexperienced writers has pedagogical value, but condemning it out of hand is to set a fetish above English idiom. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous15 Idioms for Periods of Time

Four Presidential Election Candidate in 2000 Essays

Four Presidential Election Candidate in 2000 Essays Four Presidential Election Candidate in 2000 Paper Four Presidential Election Candidate in 2000 Paper Vice-President Al Gore is one of three Democrat candidates for the 2000 presidential election. His policies and views often reflect those of a liberal politician, but in fact, his policies are just a reflection of the changing Democratic policies. From his stance on abortion, to his beliefs on the death penalty, the traditional Democratic views are apparent. Gore led the fight in the Congress to stop the drug companies price gouging, and make generic drugs more available. As President, He plans to address issues like the Patients rights bill, that puts important medical descisions in the hands of the docotr, rather than the HMOs. He looks to protect Medicare, not abolish it, while adding prescription coverage to the program. Gore supports cutting tax rates, something also Clinton promised, but found very difficult to do. He doesn’t support the replacement of the current tax structure with a flat income tax, therefore eliminating the entire income tax sytem. He opposes the national sales tax, and supports the a marriage penalty relief on the marriage tax by raising the standard deduction. : In a debate that included the other two Democratic candidates, Gore discussed his opinion on gays in the military. He believes that gays should have the right to openly serve in the military, he supports full disclosure of gays, and that its a fundamental decency. He later commented that when appointng Joint Chiefs of the military, he wouldnt only choose those who supported his policy, but choose those who follow orders from the Commander-in-Chief, the President. Gore cosponsored a bill that would create federal funding for campaigns in exchange for limits on campaign spending, and he still support that idea today. He supported the McCain-Feingold bill that would limit campaign spending and control special-interest influence in elections. As for PAC contributions (non-United States contributors),he does not except and contributionst that go above what is required by law. He has and would support banning or limiting PAC contributions as part of a comprehensive campaign finance reform package. He supports a ban on soft money, as long as the Republican Party agrees as well. Bill Bradley, the suposed under-dog in the race, is also a Democratic candidate with views that could be confused with those of a Liberal. He said that he will stay in the race as long as possible, no matter what the primaries say. He seems to match Gore in many ways, including issues and camaign money. To battle our weak health care system, Bradley has proposes to many changes, and opportunities to provide for American society as a whole, no matter their coverage, age, health conditon, or financial status. He suggested allowing people to join the federal plan that covers members of Congress and federal employess if they arent happy with their current providers, subsidizing the poor, and partially subsidzing those with a middle income. He proposes personal income tax deductions for health care premiums, and guaranteed coverage for all children. Portable health care will be available, so one had a provider even after losing their job. He plans to protect Medicare, and include a prescription plan for seniors, along with a home-care system. His plan will cost $55-65 billion dollars a year, and he believes At a time of economic prosperity, no person should be forced to choose between the care they need, and the care they can afford. When it comes to taxes, Bradley plans to increase access to health insurance for all Americans by making health insurance premiums excludable from income, giving everyone a tax break similar to that provided to employers who provide insurance, work to simplify the tax code. He wants to eliminate all the loopholes that the wealthy slip through, that catch the middle class instead. Like Gore, Bradley supports the right of gays to serve in the military. He supports the dont ask, dont tell legislation in place already, and points out that There have been gays in the military as long as theres been a military. Theyve only had to hide Bradley does not support the use of soft money, and encourages the other candiates not to also. He proposed a plan that would restore trust in the Presidency. His plan included everything from free TV time for candidates, curbed issue ads, requiring of advocacy groups to diclose thir spending, to a study on the possibility to vote over the Internet. He believes a trust-worthy candidate should flash their ideas and aspirations, not the wieght of their wallets. John McCain, the first Republican to be discussed in this paper, is very different from the Democrats we have just profiled. He is conservative, like most Republicans, yet expresses an urge for change in America. McCain belives that it is necessary that the health care system is reformed to help uninsured Americans receive the access to quality health care they need. To do this he plans to make sure that all those who are eligible for pograms like Medicaid, are enrolled, work with all those invloved in the health care system (employers, providers, etc.) to increase the number and range of health care options, particulalry the poor and children, and reforming the entire systme to make it more affordable. McCain has proposed some drastic changes in the tax system. They include dramatically increasing the number of taxpayers eligible for the lowest 15% tax bracket, eliminating the obscene penalty that increases taxes for couples who get married, and providing tax incentives to promote family saving and investment. When it comes to the gays in the military issue, McCain says that he would make sure that a policy thats working, and is working, and should work, is continued. He believes that when people like General Colin Powell and other most respected men in America come up with a policy that does work it can have troubles with it, it may need some reviews or changes, fine tuning, and hell support such a thing. However, he will not change a policy thats working. Our military leaders are the ones whose advice we should rely on. McCain understands that soft money corrupts political ideals whether it comes from big business or from labor bosses and trial lawyers. The influence of money is corrupting candidates ability to address the problems that directly affect the lives of every American. Reform of the campaign financing laws is one the first changes McCain plans to address. He supports Legislative limits on campaign financing and the banning of soft-money donations. The fourth candidate, the second Republican, is Alan Keyes. He is a conservative Republican with his Christian values and morals, turning this election very much into a character debate. Keyes points out on his web site, that he does not support a federaly funded health program. He thinks the government should not protect us from the health care providers, but only make it easier to access it. He will make it his priority to fulfill his Constitutional role as chief executive so that the American regime of ordered liberty can flourish. Keyes suports the elimination of the income tax, and replacing it with a national sales tax. He believes it would rejuvenate independence and responsibility in our citizens. He also supports limits on both tax revenue and borrowing, to discourage the Federal government from future excessive spending. Keyes is very open on the discussion of gays in the military. He said at one debate that he does not support the Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy because the military is supposed to be a straight (no pun intnended) forward institution, where when asked, the soldier tells, get the truth, get honesty, get honor. So in order for honor to be received, then gays should be forward about their sexuality. If that means bad morale, bad discipline, then the government should stand against it because its bad for the military in general. He supports the ban on gays in the military completely. Keyes believes that when the government steps in with campaign finance reform it’s a total violation of our Constitutional rights. Keyes opposes Legislative limits on campaign financing, also opposes contributions from anyone but citizens with voting rights, he also opposes Banning soft-money donations.

The Discovery of the Theory of Natural Selection by Darwin Research Paper

The Discovery of the Theory of Natural Selection by Darwin - Research Paper Example No theory has been as revolutionary or as controversial as the theory by Charles Darwin in his thoughts on natural selection. This paper shall discuss the discovery of the theory of natural selection by Darwin. It shall first present a summary of the scientific theories about evolution before Darwin’s discovery of natural selection. It shall also provide a description of how the discovery was made, including what was going on in Darwin’s life for him to make the discovery. It shall then present a description of natural selection in terms of the modern evolutionary synthesis of the 20th century. Finally, this paper shall also apply the principles of natural selection, explaining why we have the current problem of bacteria which has become resistant to antibiotics. Discussion Evolutionary theories were first seen with the Greek philosophers who adhered to the ideas of origination, setting forth that all things originate from water or air, and that all matters come from on e central and guiding principle (Think Quest). Medieval theories on evolution were dominated by Christianity and its teachings. Immanuel Kant set forth that based on similar qualities of organisms, all organisms come from a single source. He further discussed that a chimpanzee may develop organs which he would use for walking and grasping objects, and from these organs, the structure of man may evolve and develop into a social culture (Think Quest). Carolus Linnaeus first believes in a fixed quality or nature of species; however, with hybridization, he soon found out that new species can be built from the original species. He also considers hybridization as part of God’s plan. The British Admiralty in 1831 invited a naturalist to travel with Capt. Robert Fitzroy on a voyage in the HMS Beagle to survey Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Peru, and the Pacific Islands. Charles Darwin was recommended to join this voyage, and he journeyed with the Beagle for five years (Vardiman) . His tour of the Cape Verde Islands provided him a practical application of Charles Lyell Principles of Geology with his views of volcanoes and other geological formations. In his tour, he was able to witness massive erosion downstream coming from glaciers. He then thought that the glaciers could not have been formed the way they did if the explanations of the Bible would be believed (Vardiman). He then considered truths in the explanations of Lyell and his doctrine of uniformitarianism. He saw his first tropical rain forest in Brazil and his first fossils in Argentina. He also saw the tribe of savage men in Tierra del Fuego, then he experienced his first earthquake in Chile. He climbed mountains, he observed finchs with varying beak lengths and he travelled the Galapagos islands, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Brazil, and then back to England (Vardiman). His theories stemmed from his travels on board the Beagle. His initial interests were on the geological, as evidenced by his first published books. After his voyage on the Beagle, he also attempted to explain his observations on birds and tortoises on the Galapagos Island. He then went on to consider explanations and theories in relation to anatomy, embryology, and geographical distribution (Vardiman). The concept of natural selection was eventually established due to the selection pressure which he related to the ecological niches of the different species. His theory was the first to â€Å"provide evidence for evolution and to explain how the process of natural selection produces adaptation† (Vardiman). Darwin approached natural selection from various perspectives and he discussed that due to the

Marketing Law Team Meeting Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Law Team Meeting - Research Proposal Example It will be an uphill task to satisfactorily answer their queries. We are about to get our produce manufactured from China. The goods that we get manufactured from China and pass off as our own raises legal issues that do not act in our favor. The consumer buys the product in the belief that it is manufactured by us. In the event there is a mismatch in the outcome of the use of the product, we could face charges of misleading the consumer. Other than this, it could also land us on charges of false representation. We could also face intent to defraud. I am aware that we are outsourcing the manufacture due to labor cost constraints. There may be others who are already manufacturing their goods from China. However, let us take a long term view. We want to survive in this business. Let us scout for more competitive destinations. We need not make cost the determining factor. We may have to make the consumer pay more. Nonetheless, the consumer will even buy it. I am not trying to tar whole China with one brush. I am not saying that the Chinese only produce inferior goods. However, the track record of that country will keep us on our toes. We will have to have the goods checked for any compromise on quality before packaging them. We will have to have a system in place whereby the goods are always checked before they are packaged. This exercise will add to our costs and we will have to ensure that it is in place for all the time we continue to receive goods from China. There isn't any possibility of the situation changing in China in the foreseeable future. The Australian customer wants the best quality. We have to make sure that the product we offer is the best and has the potential to be among the top manufacturing competitors. We have to contend not only with individual cases, but also a whole lot of groups. When a flaw is noticed in the product it will lead the consumer to the retailer and then to the company. It will not be possible to square up to the customer. The word will spread. The cost for reparation will be enormous. Let us be more pragmatic in our approach. Let us be more competitive. We will consider other destinations. Let not the cost factor limit our choice to China alone. There are others in better situation where the cost may be more but we may not have to preoccupy ourselves in matters regarding quality. Litigation in China The social and economic conditions in China are changing very fast. Public Interest Litigations (PILs) are filed in courts for social injustices. There are non-government organizations that take up issues to deal with human rights, racial or sexual abuses. However, there is silence on issues concerning economic offences. It is not very clear how far we could get on issues of economy. The system moves very slowly and it rarely favors the litigant. The outcome of many cases is unknown (Public Interest Litigation in China). Conclusion It is good to see the end from the beginning. As of now, we are not in a position to do business with China. In our line of business, we cannot compromise on quality. The product we are offering must be near perfect. We must face our consumers. Our consumers are demanding. They are asking for the best. The legal implications are clear. We cannot hide from the law. Our business requires us

Technology of Ultrasound Scans

Technology of Ultrasound Scans 2.1 Ultrasound 2.1.1 Physics of Ultrasound Sound is a mechanical wave that travels through an elastic medium. Ultrasound (US) is sound at a frequency beyond 20 000 Hz, the limit of human hearing. Bats orientate themselves with the help of US waves at 100 000 Hz. Ultrasound at frequencies of 200 000 Hz is used for navigation. The frequency range of diagnostic US is between 1 and 20 MHz. When sound encounters a boundary between two media of different densities some of the sound bounces back as an echo, a phenomenon called reflection. The rest of the sound continues through the medium but is deflected from its original path, this is called refraction. Acoustic impedance is the resistance of a medium to the propagation of sound and decides how much sound will be reflected at the interface between the media. Some of the energy of the sound is converted by friction into heat when propagating, this loss of energy is called absorption. When ultrasound waves encounter a surface, a small part of their energy is scattered away in random directions while most of the sound continues to propagate, a phenomenon called scatter. Reflection, refraction, impedance, absorption and scatter are all phenomena important for image formation in diagnostic ultrasound use. Artifacts, echoes that do not correspond to an anatomic structure but result from the physical properties of ultrasound propagation in the tissues, are also important to be aware of when using ultrasound. This phenomenon can also be of diagnostic help. One example is the acoustic shadowing of a gallstone, caused by total absorption of the sound by the stone. Diagnostic ultrasound is based on the pulse-echo principle. The smallest functional units of the transducer are the piezoelectric crystals. The crystals are embedded in the probe, and each crystal has a specific frequency. A pulse is initiated from each crystal in the probe and a longitudinal sound wave propagates through the body. Some of the energy is absorbed in the tissue and some is reflected. The reflected energy is received by the probe, which calculates the depth of the interface by measuring the time taken to return. We can say that the human body is composed of three basic materials differing in acoustic impedance: gas with a very low impedance, bone with a very high impedance and soft tissue with an impedance somewhere in between. The large mismatch between air and bone and tissue (â€Å"impedance mismatch†) causes 100% of the sound to be reflected at air/tissue interfaces and almost all the sound at bone/tissue interfaces. There is a small mismatch between different soft tissues in impedance, a fact that is the basis for diagnostic ultrasound. Different frequencies of ultrasound are used for different diagnostic examinations. Higher US frequencies (7-16 MHz) have higher resolution but are strongly absorbed by soft tissue and are therefore used for superficial structures. Very high frequencies (16- 20 MHz) will only travel for a few millimeters within tissue and are limited to intravascular and ocular examinations. Lower frequencies (3-7 MHz) are used for deeper structures, being less strongly absorbed and of lower resolution. There are different modes of displaying the amplitude of reflected sound waves: A- mode, M-mode and B-mode. A-mode (amplitude) calculates only the depth of the interface and is mainly of historical interest. M-mode (motion) is used to display moving structures and is used in cardiac ultrasound. B-mode (brightness) is the routine US image for most surgical applications. Here the returning echoes are displayed as shades of grey with the echo amplitudes represented by a grey level ranging from black to white. The individual image lines are stored, assessed and assembled on the monitor to create a two-dimensional B-mode image. Doppler ultrasound uses the Doppler effect. When US is reflected from a moving structure (i.e. blood) the frequencies of the waves change and the amount of frequency change is determined by the speed and direction of blood flow. The use of Doppler is obvious in vascular US but is also of use in other areas of diagnostic ultrasound. 2.1.2 History of Ultrasound Scientists, including Aristoteles, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton and Leonard Euler, have been studying the phenomena of acoustics, echoes and sound waves for many centuries. It was though not until 1877 that John William Strutt, also known as Lord Rayleigh, published a description of sound as a mathematical equation in â€Å"The theory of sound† which became the foundation for the science of ultrasound. Some years later, 1880, Jaques and Pierre Curie discovered the piezo-electric effect; that an electric potential is generated when mechanical pressure is applied to a quartz crystal, an important discovery that eventually led to the development of the modern- day ultrasound transducer which contains piezoelectric crystals. The first study of the application of ultrasound as a medical diagnostic tool was published by the Austrian brothers Karl and Friedrich Dussik in 1942. They attempted to locate brain tumours and the cerebral ventricles by measuring ultrasound transmission through the skull and concluded that if imaging of the ventricles was possible, the interior of the human body could also be visualized using ultrasound. Unfortunately it was later determined by Guttner, in 1952, that the images produced by the Dussiks were variations in bone thickness. Nevertheless, their scientific work marked the beginning of diagnostic ultrasonography in the medical field and Dussik wrote in an article a decade later: †As knife and forceps in surgery, the chemical agent in chemotherapy, the high frequency electric field in diathermy and X-ray application, so has medicine taken on a new physical tool in the last decade: the ultrasonic field†. George Dà ¶ring Ludwig, working together with Francis Struther, was the first scientist to visualize gallstones, implanted in the muscles and gallbladders of dogs, with ultrasound. His studies also resulted in the finding that the mean velocity of ultrasound in soft tissue is 1540 m/sec, a discovery that was to prove very important for future research. Much of his work was however considered restricted information, because he was employed by the military, and therefore not published in medical journals. John Julian Wild and Douglass Howry were also important pioneers in the ultrasound field. Wild was a surgeon who was able to visualize bowel wall thickness with ultrasound, and he also discovered a difference in echogenicity between benign and malignant tissue. Wild also developed transrectal and transvaginal transducers and a scanning device for screening patients for breast cancer. Howry built the first B- mode scanner in 1949 and, together with the two engineers Bliss and Posanky, he also developed the first linear contact scanner. The somascope, the first circumferential scanner, built in 1954, was also developed by Howry. The problem with these scanners was that the patient had to be immobilized and immersed for a long time. In the period 1957-58 an ultrasound scanner was developed by Howry and his colleagues where the patient was strapped to the plastic window of a semicircular pan filled with saline solution. Although not immersed, the patient had still to be immobilized for a long time. Finally, in the early 1960s, Howry developed the first hand-held contact scanner, together with Wright and E Myers. During the same time Ian Donald was carrying out ultrasound research in England and 1958 he published an article that came to be a landmark, (â€Å"Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound†), where he describes how ultrasound changed the treatment of a woman diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer dramatically by diagnosing a cystic mass with ultrasound; the mass was later resected and found to be a benign ovarian cyst. Donald contributed significantly to the field of obstetric and gynecological ultrasound for example by discovering the urinary bladder to be a natural acoustic window for the pelvic organs and by measuring the biparietal diameter of the fetus for the first time. A century earlier the Doppler effect had been discovered by the famous Austrian scientist Christian Andreas Doppler and presented in 1842 in a paper called ÃÅ"ber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels (On the colored light of the double stars and certain other stars of the heavens). In Lund, Sweden, the principal pioneers of echocardiography Inge Edler and Carl Hellmuth Hertz, developed the first echocardiogram in October 195323 . Subsequently Hertz and Ã…sberg invented the first two-dimensional real-time cardiac imaging machine 1967 and Edler and Lindstrà ¶m registred the first simultaneous M-mode and intracardiac Doppler blood flow recordings at about the same time. Ultrasound has in the last decades developed quickly and the first digital scanners were released onto the market in 1976, providing better and reproducible images. Interventional ultrasonography dates back to 1969 when Kratochwill proposed the use of ultrasound for percutaneous drainage. Regarding ultrasound for trauma the first report of the method for evaluating blunt trauma was dated 1971, by Kristenson in Germany. The development is still going on and in the light of advances in technology leading to smaller available machines combined with the prices of machines decreasing rapidly speculations have been made about the possibility that doctors in the future will routinely be equipped with their own ultrasound stethoscope for use in their daily clinical work. 2.1.3 Ultrasound Instruments It is important to have a basic knowledge in which an ultrasound image is produced. The components of scanner include Transmitter: Emits electrical impulses that strike the transducer piezoelectric crystals and cause them to vibrate thus producing ultrasound wave. Transducer: Transducer is one which converts one form of energy to another. In ultrasound it converts electric energy to mechanical energy and viceversa. It converts the electrical energy provided by the transmitter to the acoustic pulses directed into the patient. It serves as the receiver of reflected echoes, converting weak pressure changes into electric signals for processing. Receiver: When returning echoes strike the transducer face,minute voltages are produced across the piezoelectric elements. The receiver detects and amplifies these weak signals and provides a means for compensating for the differences in echo strength which result from attenuation by different tissue thickness by control of time depth compensation. Another important function of receiver is the compression of the wide range of amplitudes returning to the transducer into a range that can be displayed to the user. Scan Processor: Processor detects and amplifies the back scattered energy and manipulates the reflected signals for display. Control Console Display: Display presents the ultrasound image or data in a form suitable for analysis and interpretation. Over the years imaging has evolved from simple A mode display to high resolution real time gray scale imaging. Recording Device: Interpretation of images and archival storage of images may be in the form of transparencies printed on film by optical or laser cameras and printers, videotape or through use of digital picture archiving and communications system (PACS). Increasingly digital storage is being used for archiving of ultrasound images. 2.1.4 Transabdominal Ultrasound, Use and Limitations Transabdominal ultrasound of the female pelvis has been the conventional approach in imaging of the female pelvis. With this approach) a full urinary bladder is required to provide a window for imaging and to displace bowel gas. Transabdominal scanning (TAS) therefore required deeper penetration and a lower frequency transducer, usually 3 -5 MHz, must be used. The resolution of images is limited by the relatively lower frequency transducer that is required, and it also has great limitations in the obese lady, especially in the elderly who often cannot hold a full bladder. In the study of uterine hemodynamics in patients who are pregnant, these disadvantages may not be very significant, because the uterine arterial signal from these patients are usually strong. However, in the non-pregnant state, especially in postmenopausal ladies, studies of uterine hemodynamics with TAS could be very difficult. 2.1.5 Transvaginal Ultrasound, Advantages and Disadvantages Widespread availability of ultrasound imaging in the past two decades has dramatically changed the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. These specialists rely heavily upon this technology to make major decisions about management of their patients. Transabdominal sonography (TAS) images the pelvic organs through the anterior abdominal wall in the supra-pubic region. A distended urinary bladder is essential to displace the bowel loops and to provide an acoustic window. There are two major limitations of TAS. First is the need to use lower frequencies for imaging due to the longer distance between the transducer and the pelvic organs. Other disadvantage is the beam degrading effect of the anterior abdominal wall especially in obese patients. Both these limitations lead to degradation in image quality. To overcome these limitations of TAS special transducers, which could be introduced in the vagina, were designed in 1985. The vaginal approach reduces the distance between the probe and the pelvic structures allowing the use of higher frequencies. Trans-vaginal sonography (TVS) produces greatly improved resolution as compared to TAS, primarily due to the higher frequencies employed and also due to the absence of beam deformation by the anterior abdominal wall, Major advantages of TVS over TAS are better image quality and avoidance of patient discomfort due to full urinary bladder. Comparison of TVS and TAS is given in Table 2.1. 2.1.5.1 Indications of TVS TVS is indicated whenever a better look at the pelvic structures is required. Common indications include the following Early pregnancy Lower uterine segment in late pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Pelvic masses Retroverted or retroflexed uterus Obese or gaseous patient Emergency cases when bladder is empty Follicle monitoring Oocyte retrieval Endometrial study to assess suitability in IVF ET techniques Cervical canal mucous Doppler examination of pelvic organs Interventional procedures The list is not exhaustive and newer indications are continuously being added. TVSTAS Full bladder Not essential Essential Probe frequency 5-7.5 MHz 3-5 MHz Resolution Very high Moderate Field of view Small Large ContraindicationsVirgins, Vaginal obstruction Premature rupture of membraneNone interventional uses Many usesLimited role Table 2.1 Comparison of TAS and TVS 2.1.5.2 Scan Technique Once the probe and the patient have been prepared, the transducer is gradually inserted while monitoring the ultrasound image. The urinary bladders normally consistent position in the pelvis relative to much more variable position of the uterus and the ovaries makes it a good landmark to use when making initial assessment of the transducer orientation. Three basic scanning manoeuvres of the probe are useful to scan the pelvic organs comprehensively: Sagittal imaging with side to side movements, 90 ° rotation to obtain semi-coronal images with angulation of probe in vertical plane, Variation in the depth of probe insertion to bring different parts within field of view/focal zone. A pelvic survey should be done first to ascertain quickly the relative position of the uterus and ovaries as well as to identify any obvious masses. This is obtained by slowly sweeping the beam in a sagittal plane from the midline to the lateral pelvic side walls followed by turning the probe 90 degrees into corona plane and sweeping the beam from cervix to the fundus. In multi-frequency probes proper selection is important for best results. Setting of appropriate focus in electronic arrays is equally important. In mechanical sector fixed focus probes the organ of interest is brought in the focal zone by changing the depth of insertion of the probe. Proper selection of frame averaging is also important. It should be low for fast moving structures like foetal heart and high for studying solid immobile tissues. For Doppler studies a steady probe position is essential and it helps if the examiners forearm is well supported. 2.1.5.3 Dynamic uses of the TVS probe The ultrasonographic examination can be enhanced by placing a hand over the lower abdomen to bring pelvic structures within the field of view/focal range of the probe. Localisation of the point of maximal tenderness by the probe will help in identifying the cause of pain. Dense pelvic adhesions can be diagnosed by the sliding organ sign. In the absence of adhesions, the organs move freely past each other and the pelvic wall in response to pressure by the TVS probe tip. Absence of this free movement may suggest pelvic adhesions. 2.1.5.4 Interventional uses of TVS There are many interventional uses of transvaginal sonography. Newer indications are constantly being added to the list. Some of the more common ones are given below:- aspiration of ova for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) aspiration of ovarian cyst drainage of pelvic collection multi-foetal pregnancy reduction non-surgical etopic pregnancy management early amniocentesis chorion villous sampling transvaginal embryo transfer sonohysterosalpingigraphy 2.1.5.5 Limitation of TVS It should be remembered that TVS provides a more limited field of view than TAS. A survey trans-abdominal scan usually be performed prior to the TVS to rule out the possibility of overlooking a mass lying outside the field of view of the TVS transducer. To avoid the need of a full bladder it has been suggested that a TVS examination may be followed by a TAS scan with bladder empty. The rationale behind this approach is that a mass lying outside the field of view of the TVS probe will be sufficient in size to be seen trans-abdominally even if the bladder is empty. The advent of the transvaginal sonography in 1985 has had a tremendous impact on the practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. The pelvic organs can now be imaged with a resolution not possible earlier. The management of infertility due to female factors depends mainly on the TVS. Addition of Colour Doppler to TVS now gives added information about the vascular supply of various pelvic organs. Details of foetal anatomy that can be depicted by TVS are far superior to that shown by TAS. As a new technique TVS has proved very useful and has a bright future.